UNIT - 1
Research Methodology:
Introduction, Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Research Process, Criteria of Good Research, Problems Encountered by Researchers in India. Defining the Research Problem: Research Problem, Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a Problem.
UNIT - 2
Reviewing the literature:
Place of the literature review in research, Bringing clarity and focus to research problem, Improving research methodology, Broadening knowledge base in research area, Enabling contextual findings, Review of the literature, searching the existing literature, reviewing the selected literature, Developing a theoretical framework, Developing a conceptual framework, Writing about the literature reviewed. Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design, Important Concepts Relating to Research Design, Different Research Designs, Basic Principles of Experimental Designs, Important Experimental Designs.
UNIT - 3
Design of Sample Surveys:
Design of Sampling: Introduction, Sample Design, Sampling and Non-sampling Errors, Sample Survey versus Census Survey, Types of Sampling Designs. Measurement and Scaling: Qualitative and Quantitative Data, Classifications of Measurement Scales, Goodness of Measurement Scales, Sources of Error in Measurement, Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools, Scaling, Scale Classification Bases, Scaling Technics, Multidimensional Scaling, Deciding the Scale. Data Collection: Introduction, Experimental and Surveys, Collection of Primary Data, Collection of Secondary Data, Selection of Appropriate Method for Data Collection, Case Study Method.
UNIT – 4
Data Preparation:
Data Preparation Process, Some Problems in Preparation Process, Missing Values and Outliers, Types of Analysis, Statistics in Research. Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion, Measures of Skegness, Kurtosis, Measures of Relationship, Association in case of Attributes, Other Measures.
UNIT - 5
Sampling and Statistical Inference:
Parameters and Statistic, Sampling and Non- Sampling Errors, Sampling Distribution, Degree of Freedom, Standard Error, Central Limit Theorem, Finite Population Correction, Statistical Inference.
UNIT - 6
Testing of Hypotheses:
Hypothesis, Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypotheses, Testing of Hypothesis, Test Statistics and Critical Region, Critical Value and Decision Rule, Procedure for Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing for Mean, Proportion, Variance, for Difference of Two Mean, for Difference of Two Proportions, for Difference of Two Variances, P-Value approach, Power of Test, Limitations of the Tests of Hypothesis. Chi-square Test: Test of Difference of more than Two Proportions, Test of Independence of Attributes, Test of Goodness of Fit, Caution in Using Chi Square Tests.
UNIT – 7
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
The ANOVA Technique, Basic Principle of ANOVA, One way ANOVA, Two way ANOVA, Latin – square Design, Analysis of Co- Variance, Assumptions in Co-Variance.
UNIT – 8
Linear Regression Analysis:
Dependent and Independent Variables, Simple Linear Regression Model, Multiple Linear Regression Model, Problem of Multicolinearity, Qualitative Explanatory Variables. Factor Analysis: The Mathematical Basis, Important Methods of Factor Analysis, Rotation in Factor Analysis, R – Type and Q – Type Factor Analysis, Merits and Demerits of Factor Analysis.
UNIT – 9
Probability:
Random Experiments, Sample Spaces, Events, The Concept of Probability, The Axiomsof Probability, Theorems on Probability, Assignment of Probabilities, Conditional Probability, Theorems on Conditional Probability, Independent Events, Bayes’Theorem. Random Variables, Discrete Probability Distributions, Distribution Functions for RandomVariables, Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables, Continuous Random Variables, Graphical Interpretations, Joint Distributions Independent Random Variables, Change of Variables, Probability Distributions of Functions of Random Variables, Convolutions, Conditional Distributions.
UNIT - 10
The Binomial Distribution, Properties of the Binomial Distribution, The Normal Distribution, Properties of the Normal Distribution, Relation Between Binomial and Normal Distributions, The Poisson Distribution, Properties of the Poisson Distribution, Relation Between the Binomial andPoisson Distributions, Relation Between the Poisson and Normal Distributions, The Hypergeometric Distribution.
Reference Books:
(1) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, C.R. Kothari, Gaurav Garg, New Age International Publishers,4th Edition, 2019.
(2) Research Methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners, Ranjit Kumar, SAGE Publications Ltd, 3rd Edition, 2011. [For Unit -2, Reviewing the Literature]
(3)Probability and Statistics, Murray R. Spiegel, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 2013.[For Unit -9 and Unit – 10]
Part II
UNIT 1
BASICS OF UNIT OPERATIONS :
Basics of Sedimentation, Setting, Filtration, Size Reduction and mixing ; Basic modes of heat transfer, Uni Layer, Multi-Layer and steady state conduction. Principles or Diffusion, Distillation, Drying, Evaporation, Extraction, Adsorption and Iron-exchange operations
UNIT 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF MOMENTUM TRANSFER:
Fluid definition, Classification, governing equations, Hydrostatic equilibrium, barometric equation, Pressure measurements, Manometric equation, Shear stress, Shear strain, Newton’s law, Fluid Flow. Types of Flow, laminar and Turbulent. Flow Continuity equation, Energy balance equation. Beronulli's equation, Euler equation, Momentum balance, Flow through circular and non circular Sections, Hagen-Polseulles equations, Losses through pipe and fittings, Turbulent flow, and Friction factor
UNIT 3
BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY:
Structure and properties of mono, di, and polysaccharides, structure and properties of fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, glycolipids and steroids, structure and properties of amino acids, Peptides, and proteins, Biologically important peptides, Structure and properties of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotides, ribonucleic acids, nucleoprotein complexes.
UNIT 4
FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION:
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Plant and animal cells, Types of cell functions, cell division, Mitosis and Meiosis formal structure in cytoplasm, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosome, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Peroxisomes Chloroplast and Vacuoles. Cell to cell Integration Cell Locomotion (Amoeboid, Flagella, Cillar); Muscle and Nerve cell; Structure and functioning of endocrine cells including neuro secretary cell. Cell culture Techniques: Animal, plant and Microbial cell culture techniques.
UNIT 5
BASICS OF BIOPHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMCIAL TECHNIQUES:
Rayleigh scattering, ultra centrifugation, viscometry, crystallization, X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction, NMR Spectroscopy, electron microscopy, STM, AFM luminescence, fluorimeter, flame photometry, optical activity, CD, UV, IR, Laser Raman and ESR EPR. Calorimetry, DSC, Spectrophotometry; Mass spectrometry, LC-MS, MALDI-TOF, Chromatography, Electrophoresis.
UNIT 6
FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMODYANAMICS:
System Surrounding and Process, Closed and open system, State and Properties, Intensive & Extensive Properties, State and Path functions, Equilibrium state and Phase rule, Zeroth law of Thermodynamics, Heat reservoir and Heat engines, Reversible and Irreversible processes. General Statement of First law of Thermodynamics, First law for Cyclic Process, Non-Flow Process, Flow process
UNIT 7
BASIC GENETICS AND GENETIC ENGINEERING:
Nature of genetic material, DNA replication, Mendelian Laws of Inheritance, monohybrid and, dihybrid Inheritance, law of segregation and Independent assortment, Gene Interactions, Supplementary genes, Complementary, genes, Epistasis. Identification of genetic material Classical experiments- Hershey & Chase, Avery McLeod etc. Multiple alleles and group antigens; Role of genes within cell, genetic code, genetic elements that control gene expression, method of creating recombinant DNA molecules vectors in recombinant DNA technology, biology and salient features of vectors, types of vectors plasmids cosmids phages and viruses. Gene transfer techniques, genetic engineering of plants and animals, structure and functions of T-DNA in the expression of genes, Ti plasmid mediated gene transfer
UNIT 8
INTRODUCTORY BIOINFORMATICS:
Databases Sequence database, Structure database, Medical Databases, Sequence alignment and database searches: optional Alignment, Database similarity searching, FASTA, BLAST. Aspects of multiple sequence alignment; Phylogenetic analysis; Tree- Building Methods, Evaluating Trees and data; Predictive methods for detecting functional sites in the DNA, Predictive methods for secondary structure, tertiary folds from protein sequences. Plasmid mapping and primer design.
UNIT 9
BIOPROCESS PRINCIPLES:
Concept or mole and Molecule; Composition, of mixtures of Solids, liquids and gases; Composition of mixtures and solutions Percentage by weight, mole and Volume; Normality, Molarity, Molality and ppm; pH and pK Buffer Calculations; Outline of an Integrated bioprocess and the various (upstream and downstream) unit operations involved in bioprocess; generalized process flow sheets, Process flow sheet and unit operations in chemical and bioprocess Industries; General material balance equation for steady and unsteady states. Basic concepts of Energy balance. Couples reactions and energy rise compounds, Reaction stoichiometry, criteria of Biochemical reaction equilibrium, Equilibrium constant and standard free energy, effect of temperature, pressure on equilibrium constants and other factors affecting equilibrium conversion, liquid phase reactions, heterogeneous bioreaction equilibria, phase rule for reacting systems
UNIT 10
BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY:
Differential Staining Techniques, Sterilization & disinfection, Growth curve patterns, Physical conditions required for growth. Metabolism; Primary and Secondary metabolites with examples. Atmospheric Microbiology: Aerobiology and allergy. Air sampling principles and types of samplers. B-lymphocytes and their activation, Class switching mechanism, antibody genes and generation of diversity, production of monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies and applications, cytokines, Thymus derived lymphocytes (T cells) - their ontogeny and types, Activation of T-cells. Antigen antibody interaction, Agglutination reactions. Immune response to infections: immunity to viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, Immunodeficiency disorders