UNIT - 1
Research Methodology:
Introduction, Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus Methodology, Research and Scientific Method, Research Process, Criteria of Good Research, Problems Encountered by Researchers in India. Defining the Research Problem: Research Problem, Selecting the Problem, Necessity of Defining the Problem, Technique Involved in Defining a Problem.
UNIT - 2
Reviewing the literature:
Place of the literature review in research, Bringing clarity and focus to research problem, Improving research methodology, Broadening knowledge base in research area, Enabling contextual findings, Review of the literature, searching the existing literature, reviewing the selected literature, Developing a theoretical framework, Developing a conceptual framework, Writing about the literature reviewed. Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good Design, Important Concepts Relating to Research Design, Different Research Designs, Basic Principles of Experimental Designs, Important Experimental Designs.
UNIT - 3
Design of Sample Surveys:
Design of Sampling: Introduction, Sample Design, Sampling and Non-sampling Errors, Sample Survey versus Census Survey, Types of Sampling Designs. Measurement and Scaling: Qualitative and Quantitative Data, Classifications of Measurement Scales, Goodness of Measurement Scales, Sources of Error in Measurement, Techniques of Developing Measurement Tools, Scaling, Scale Classification Bases, Scaling Technics, Multidimensional Scaling, Deciding the Scale. Data Collection: Introduction, Experimental and Surveys, Collection of Primary Data, Collection of Secondary Data, Selection of Appropriate Method for Data Collection, Case Study Method.
UNIT – 4
Data Preparation:
Data Preparation Process, Some Problems in Preparation Process, Missing Values and Outliers, Types of Analysis, Statistics in Research. Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion, Measures of Skegness, Kurtosis, Measures of Relationship, Association in case of Attributes, Other Measures.
UNIT - 5
Sampling and Statistical Inference:
Parameters and Statistic, Sampling and Non- Sampling Errors, Sampling Distribution, Degree of Freedom, Standard Error, Central Limit Theorem, Finite Population Correction, Statistical Inference.
UNIT - 6
Testing of Hypotheses:
Hypothesis, Basic Concepts Concerning Testing of Hypotheses, Testing of Hypothesis, Test Statistics and Critical Region, Critical Value and Decision Rule, Procedure for Hypothesis Testing, Hypothesis Testing for Mean, Proportion, Variance, for Difference of Two Mean, for Difference of Two Proportions, for Difference of Two Variances, P-Value approach, Power of Test, Limitations of the Tests of Hypothesis. Chi-square Test: Test of Difference of more than Two Proportions, Test of Independence of Attributes, Test of Goodness of Fit, Caution in Using Chi Square Tests.
UNIT – 7
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
The ANOVA Technique, Basic Principle of ANOVA, One way ANOVA, Two way ANOVA, Latin – square Design, Analysis of Co- Variance, Assumptions in Co-Variance.
UNIT – 8
Linear Regression Analysis:
Dependent and Independent Variables, Simple Linear Regression Model, Multiple Linear Regression Model, Problem of Multicolinearity, Qualitative Explanatory Variables. Factor Analysis: The Mathematical Basis, Important Methods of Factor Analysis, Rotation in Factor Analysis, R – Type and Q – Type Factor Analysis, Merits and Demerits of Factor Analysis.
UNIT – 9
Probability:
Random Experiments, Sample Spaces, Events, The Concept of Probability, The Axiomsof Probability, Theorems on Probability, Assignment of Probabilities, Conditional Probability, Theorems on Conditional Probability, Independent Events, Bayes’Theorem. Random Variables, Discrete Probability Distributions, Distribution Functions for RandomVariables, Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables, Continuous Random Variables, Graphical Interpretations, Joint Distributions Independent Random Variables, Change of Variables, Probability Distributions of Functions of Random Variables, Convolutions, Conditional Distributions.
UNIT - 10
The Binomial Distribution, Properties of the Binomial Distribution, The Normal Distribution, Properties of the Normal Distribution, Relation Between Binomial and Normal Distributions, The Poisson Distribution, Properties of the Poisson Distribution, Relation Between the Binomial andPoisson Distributions, Relation Between the Poisson and Normal Distributions, The Hypergeometric Distribution.
Reference Books:
(1) Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, C.R. Kothari, Gaurav Garg, New Age International Publishers,4th Edition, 2019.
(2) Research Methodology a step-by-step guide for beginners, Ranjit Kumar, SAGE Publications Ltd, 3rd Edition, 2011. [For Unit -2, Reviewing the Literature]
(3)Probability and Statistics, Murray R. Spiegel, Schaum’s Outline Series, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 2013.[For Unit -9 and Unit – 10]
Part II
Unit – 1
Network Analysis and Field Theory
Network Theory:Nodal analysis, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem, maximum power theorem, Two port network – Z, Y and transmission line parameters. Series and parallel Resonance. Electrostatics: Coulomb’s law, Electric flux density, Gauss law and its applications. Maxwell’s first equation (Electrostatics). Divergence theorem. Steady magnetic fields: Biot - Savart’s law, Ampere’s circuital law. The Curl. Stokes theorem. Magnetic flux and flux density. Scalar and vector magnetic potentials. Time varying fields and Maxwell’s equations: Faraday’s law, Displacement current. Maxwell’s equations in point form and integral form.
Unit – 2
Analog and Digital Circuits
Transistor frequency response:
General frequency considerations, low frequency response, Miller effect capacitance, high frequency response, multistage frequency effects.
Feedback amplifiers:
Feedback concept, different types, practical feedback circuits, analysis and design of feedback circuits.
Power amplifiers:
Amplifier types, analysis and design of different power amplifiers, distortion in power amplifiers.
Oscillators:
Principle of operation, analysis and derivation of frequency of oscillation of phase shift oscillator, Wien bridge oscillator, RF and crystal oscillator and frequency stability.
Analysis and design of combinational logic circuits -
Decoders-BCD decoders, Encoders. Digital multiplexers-using multiplexers as Boolean function generators. Adders and Subtractors-Cascading full adders, Look ahead carry, Binary comparators. Design methods of building blocks of combinational logics.
Sequential Circuits:
Basic Bistable element, Latches, SR latch, application of SR latch, A Switch debouncer, The SR latch, The gated SR latch. The gated D Latch, The Master-Slave Flip-Flops (Pulse-Triggered Flip-Flops): The master-slave SR Flip-Flops, The master-slave JK Flip-Flop, Edge Triggered Flip-flop: The Positive Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop, Negative-Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop. Characteristic equations, Registers, Counters-Binary Ripple Counter, Synchronous Binary counters, Counters based on Shift Registers, Design of a Synchronous counters, Design of a Synchronous Mod-6 counters using clocked JK Flip-Flops Design of a Synchronous Mod-6 counter using clocked D, T, or SR Flip-Flops.
Unit – 3
Microcontroller and Operational Amplifiers
8051 programming in C:
Data types and time delay in 8051C, IO programming in 8051C, Logic operations in 8051 C, Data conversion program in 8051 C, Accessing code ROM space in 8051C, Data serialization using 8051C
8051 Timer programming in Assembly and C:
Programming 8051 timers, Counter programming, Programming timers 0 and 1 in 8051 C.
8051 Interrupt programming in assembly and C:
8051 interrupts, Programming timer, external hardware, serial communication interrupt, Interrupt priority in 8051/52, Interrupt programming in C.
ADC, DAC and sensor interfacing:
ADC 0808 interfacing to 8051, Serial ADC Max1112 ADC interfacing to 8051, DAC interfacing, Sensor interfacing and signal conditioning.
Comparators & Converters:
Basic comparator, zero crossing detector, inverting & non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit, voltage to current converter with grounded load, current to voltage converter and basics of voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converters.
A/D & D/A Converters:
Basics, R–2R D/A Converter, Integrated circuit 8-bit D/A, successive approximation ADC, linear ramp ADC, dual slope ADC, digital ramp ADC.
Phase Locked Loop (PLL):
Basic PLL, components, performance factors, applications of PLL IC 565. Timer: Internal architecture of 555 timer, Mono stable, Astablemultivibrators and applications.
Unit – 4
Signals and processing:
Continuous-time Fourier transform, Discrete-time Fourier transform, Z-transform, Design of IIR and HR filters.
Unit – 5
Electrical Machines
Transformers:
Equivalent circuit, Open circuit and Short circuit tests, calculation of equivalent circuit parameters and predetermination of efficiency- commercial and all-day. Voltage regulation and its significance. Necessity of Parallel operation, conditions for parallel operation – Single phase and three phase. Load sharing in case of similar and dissimilar transformers.
Synchronous generators:
Synchronous generator on infinite bus-bars – General load diagram, Electrical load diagram, Power angle characteristic and synchronizing power. Open circuit and short circuit characteristics, Voltage regulation by EMF, MMF and ZPF. Load sharing.
DC Motors:
Classification, Back emf, Torque equation, and significance of back emf, Characteristics of shunt, series and compound motors. Speed control of shunt, series and compound motors.
Three-phase Induction Motor:
Phasor diagram of induction motor on no-load and on load, equivalent circuit, losses, efficiency, No-load and blocked rotor tests. Performance of the motor from the circle diagram and equivalent circuit. Cogging and crawling. Speed control by voltage frequency, and rotor resistance methods
Unit – 6
Control systems:
Time domain Analysis, Routh Stability Criterion, Root locus, Bode and Nyquist plots.
Unit – 7
Power Electronics
Controlled Rectifiers:
Introduction, Single-Phase Full Converters, Single-Phase Dual Converters, Three- Phase Full Converters, Three-Phase Dual Converters.
AC Voltage Controllers:
Introduction, Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Resistive Loads, Single- Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Inductive Loads, Three-Phase Full-Wave Controllers.
DC-DC Converters:
Introduction, principle of step down and step up chopper with RL load, performance parameters, DC-DC converter classification.
DC-AC converters:
Introduction, principle of operation single phase bridge inverters, three phase bridge inverters, voltage control of single phase inverters, Harmonic reductions, Current source inverters.
Unit – 8
Transmission lines and fault analysis
Performance of Transmission lines:
Short, medium and Long, ABCD constants. Calculation of inductance and capacitance of lines. Overhead line insulators, Corona.
Fault Analysis:
Symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
Unit – 9
High Voltage Engineering and Power System Protection
Conduction and Breakdown:
Townsend's Criterion for Breakdown, Breakdown in Electronegative Gases, Time Lags for Breakdown, Paschen's Law, Conduction and Breakdown in Pure and commercial Liquids. Intrinsic, Electromechanical and Thermal Breakdown in solid dielectrics.
Generation of High Voltages and Currents:
Generation of High Direct Current Voltages, Alternating Voltages, Impulse Voltages, Impulse Currents.
Overvoltage Phenomenon and Insulation Coordination:
Causes for Overvoltages - Lightning Phenomenon, Overvoltage due to Switching Surges. Principles of Insulation Coordination on High Voltage and Extra High Voltage Power Systems. Overcurrent Protection: Overcurrent Protective Schemes, Reverse Power or Directional Relay, Protection of Parallel Feeders, Protection of Ring Mains, Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protection, Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protective Scheme, Phase Fault Protective Scheme, Directional Earth Fault Relay, Static Overcurrent Relays, Numerical Overcurrent Relays.
Circuit Breakers:
Introduction, Fault Clearing Time of a Circuit Breaker, Arc Voltage, Arc Interruption, Restriking Voltage and Recovery Voltage, Current Chopping, Interruption of Capacitive Current, Classification of Circuit Breakers, Air – Break Circuit Breakers, Air – Blast Circuit Breakers, SF6 Circuit Breakers, Vacuum Circuit Breakers.
Protection against Overvoltages:
Wave Shape of Voltage due to Lightning, Over Voltage due to Lightning,Protection of Transmission Lines against Direct Lightning Strokes, Protection of Stations and Sub – Stations from Direct Strokes, Protection against Travelling Waves, Insulation Coordination, Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL).
Unit – 10
Load Flow Studies and,Power System Operation and Control.
Load Flow Studies:
Introduction, Network Model Formulation, Formation of 𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠by Singular Transformation, Load Flow Problem, Gauss-Seidel Method. Newton-Raphson Method, Decoupled Load Flow Methods, Comparison of Load Flow Methods, Control of Voltage Profile.
Optimal System Operation:
Introduction, Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar, Optimal Unit Commitment, Reliability Considerations, Optimum Generation Scheduling.
Automatic Generation Control in interconnected Power system:
Tie - Line Control with Primary Speed Control, Frequency Bias Tie - Line Control, State-Space Models. State-Space Model for Two - Area System, Tie-Line Oscillations, Related Issues in Implementation of AGC.
Voltage and Reactive Power Control:
Production and Absorption of Reactive Power, Methods of Voltage Control, Dependence of Voltage on Reactive Power, Sensitivity of Voltage to Changes in P And Q, Cost Saving, Methods of Voltage Control by Reactive Power Injection, Voltage Control Using Transformers, Voltage Stability.