Introduction to computer relaying:
Development of computer relaying, historical background , expected benefits of computer relaying, computer relay architecture, analog to digital converters, antialiasing filters, substation computer hierarchy.
Relaying practices:
Introduction to protection systems, functions of a protection system, protection of transmission lines, transformer, reactor and generator protection, bus protection, performance of current and voltage transformers.
Mathematical basis for protective relaying algorithms:
Introduction, Fourier series, other orthogonal expansions, Fourier transforms, use of Fourier transforms, discrete Fourier transform, introduction to probability and random process, random processes, Kalman filtering.
Digital filters:
Introduction, discrete time systems, discrete time systems, Z Transforms, digital filters, windows and windowing, linear phase, Approximation – filter synthesis, wavelets, elements of artificial intelligence.
Transmission line relaying:
Introduction, sources of error, relaying as parameter estimation, beyond parameter estimation, symmetrical component distance relay, newer analytic techniques, protection of series compensated .
Protection of transformers, machines and buses:
Introduction, power transformer algorithms, generator protection, motor protection, digital bus protection
Hardware organization in integrated systems:
The nature of hardware issues, computers for relaying, the substation environment, industry environmental standards, countermeasures against EMI, supplementary equipment, redundancy and backup, servicing, training and maintenance.
System relaying and control:
Introduction, measurement of frequency and phase, sampling clock synchronization, application of phasor measurements to state estimation, phasor measurements in dynamic state estimation, monitoring, control applications.
Relaying applications of traveling waves:
Introduction, traveling waves on single-phase lines, traveling waves on three-phase lines, directional wave relay, traveling wave distance relay, differential relaying with phasors, traveling wave differential relays, fault location, other recent developments.
Wide area measurement applications:
Adaptive relaying, examples of adaptive relaying, wide area measurement systems (WAMS), WAMS architecture, WAMS based protection concepts.