Fuel Properties:
Fuel Properties, Relative Density, API Gravity, Molecular Mass, Distillation Range, Vapor Pressure, Flash Point, Volatility Point, Viscosity, Surface Tension, Freezing Point, Specific Heat, Latent Heat, Thermal Conductivity, Combustion Properties of Fuels, Calorific Value, Enthalpy, Spontaneous-Ignition temperature, Limits of Flammability, Smoke Point, Luminometer Number, Smoke Volatility Index, Pressure and Temperature Effects, Sub atmospheric Pressure, Low Temperature, High Temperature.
Fuel Treatment:
Introduction, Types of Hydrocarbons, Paraffins, Olefins, Naphthenes, Aromatics, Production of Liquid Fuels, Removal of Sulfur Compounds, Contaminants, Asphaltenes, Gum, Sediment, Ash, Water, Sodium, Vanadium, Additives, Gum Prevention, Corrosion Inhibition/Lubricity Improvers, Anti-Icing, Antistatic–Static Dissipators, Metal Deactivators, Antismoke
Alternative Fuels aerospace applications:
Hydrogen, Methane, Propane, Ammonia, Alcohols, Slurry fuels, Synthetic fuels, Fuels Produced by Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis of Coal/Biomass, Biofuels, Alternative fuel Properties, Combustion and Emissions Performance, Fischer–Tropsch Fuels, Biodiesel Fuels, Highly Aromatic (Broad Specification).
Basic Considerations:
Introduction to Gas turbine Combustor, Basic Design Features, Combustor Requirements, Combustor Types and parts, Fuel Preparation, Atomizers, liner wall-cooling Techniques, combustor stability limits, combustor exit temperature traverse quality (pattern factors), Combustors for Low Emissions.
Combustion Fundamentals:
Deflagration, Detonation, Classification of Flames, Physics of combustion Chemistry, Flammability Limits, Global Reaction-Rate Theory, Weak Mixtures, Rich Mixtures, Laminar Premixed Flames, laminar and turbulent flame burning velocity, measurement techniques for flame velocity, Factors Influencing Laminar Flame Speed, Equivalence Ratio, Initial Temperature, Pressure, Laminar Diffusion Flames, Turbulent Premixed Flames, Flame Propagation in Heterogeneous Mixtures of Fuel Drops, Fuel Vapour and Air.
Combustion flame characterization:
Droplet and Spray Evaporation, Heat-Up Period, Evaporation Constant, Convective Effects, Effective Evaporation Constant, Spray Evaporation, Ignition Theory, Gaseous Mixtures, Heterogeneous Mixtures, Spontaneous Ignition, Flashback, Stoichiometry, Adiabatic Flame Temperature, Factors Influencing the Adiabatic Flame Temperature, Fuel/Air Ratio, Initial Air Temperature, Pressure.
Combustion Performance:
Combustion Efficiency, The Combustion Process, Reaction-Controlled Systems, Burning Velocity Model, Stirred Reactor Model, Mixing-Controlled Systems, Evaporation-Controlled Systems, Reaction- and Evaporation-Controlled Systems.
Flame Stabilization & Fuel Classification:
Definition of Stability Performance, Measurement of Stability Performance, Bluff-Body Flame holders, Stabilization, Mechanisms of Flame Stabilization, Flame Stabilization in Combustion Chambers, Classification of Liquid Fuels, Aircraft Gas Turbine Fuels, Engine Fuel System, Aircraft Fuel Specifications, Classification of Gaseous Fuels.
Course outcomes:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
1. Distinguish fuels their properties their treatment for aerospace applications.
2. Use the knowledge on fundamentals of combustion.
3. Apply the combustion flame characterization, combustion performance, fuel stabilization and classification.
Question paper pattern:
The SEE question paper will be set for 100 marks and the marks scored will be proportionately reduced to 60.
Textbook/ Textbooks
1 Gas Turbine Combustion, Alternative fuels and Emissions Arthur H.Lefebvre&Dilip R. Ballal CRC Press 3rd Edition, 2010
2 Chemistry of Combustion Reaction Minkoff, G.J., and C.F.H. Tipper Butterworths,Londo n 1962
3 Fuels & Combustion Samir Sarkar Orient Long man 1996
Reference Books
1 Coal, Coke and Coal Chemicals Wilson, P.J. and J.H. Wells McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.
2 Liquid Fuels Williams, D.A. and G. James London Pergamon, London 1963
3 Gas Engineers Handbook C George Segeler Industrial Press, New York, 1966