Introduction:
Historical Background – Introduction to Cryogenic p ropellants – Liquid hydrogen, Liquid helium, Liquid nitrogen and Liquid oxygen and their properties.
Production of low Temperature:
Theory behind the production of low temperature – E xpansion engine heat exchangers – Cascade process J oule Thompson Effect – Magnetic effect – O rtho and Para H2 – Helium4 and Helium3.
Efficiency of Cryogenic Systems:
Types of losses and efficiency cycles – Specific amount of cooling – The fraction liquefied – Cooling coefficient of performance – Thermodynamic efficiency – The energy balance Methods.
Cycles Of Cryogenic Plant:
Classification of cryogenic cycles – The structure of cycle – Throttle expansion cycles – Expander cycles – Thermodynamic analysis – Numerical problems.
Cryogenic Fluid Storage And Transfer Systems:
Basic storage vessels, insulations, un insulated and porous insulated lines, vacuum insulated lines, cryogenic valves, cool down process.
Measurement Systems For Low Temperatures :
Introduction, Temperature scales and fixed points, Metallic resistance thermometers, thermo couples, constant volume gas thermometers, magnetic thermometers, vapour pressure thermometers.
Vacuum Technology :
Importance flowregimes in vacuum system, components of vacuum system, mechanical vacuum pumps, diffusion pumps, vacuum gaugs and valves.
Cryogenic In Automotive and Aerospace Applications:
Cryogenic liquids in missile launching and space simulation – storage of cryogen ic liquids- Effect of cryogenic liquids on properties of Aerospace materials – Cryogenic loading problems – Zero gravity problems associated with cryogenic propellants – Phenomenon of tank collapse – Elimination of Geysering effect in missiles.