Fundamental Concepts & Definitions:Thermodynamics definition and scope, Microscopic and Macroscopicapproaches. Some practical applications of engineering thermodynamicSystems, Characteristics of system boundary and control surface,examples. Thermodynamic properties; definition and Modules,intensive and extensive properties. Thermodynamic state, state point,state diagram, path and process, quasi-static process, cyclic and noncyclic;processes; Thermodynamic equilibrium; definition, mechanicalequilibrium; diathermic wall, thermal equilibrium, chemicalequilibrium. Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature; concepts,scales, fixed points and measurements.Work and Heat:Mechanics-definition of work and its limitations. Thermodynamicdefinition of work; examples, sign convention. Displacement work; asa part of a system boundary, as a whole of a system boundary,expressions for displacement work in various processes through p-vdiagrams. Shaft work; Electrical work. Other types of work. Heat
First Law of Thermodynamics:Joules experiments, equivalence of heat and work. Statement of the Firstlaw of thermodynamics, extension of the First law to non - cyclicprocesses, energy, energy as a property, modes of energy, puresubstance; definition, two-property rule, Specific heat at constantvolume, enthalpy, specific heat at constant pressure. Extension of theFirst law to control volume; steady state-steady flow energy equation,important applications, analysis of unsteady processes such as film and evacuation of vessels with and without heat transfer.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Devices converting heat to work; (a) in a thermodynamic cycle, (b) in amechanical cycle. Thermal reservoir. Direct heat engine; schematicrepresentation and efficiency. Devices converting work to heat in athermodynamic cycle; reversed heat engine, schematic representation,coefficients of performance. Kelvin - Planck statement of the Secondlaw of Thermodynamics; PMM I and PMM II, Clausius statement ofSecond law of Thermodynamics, Equivalence of the two statements;Reversible and Irreversible processes; factors that make a processirreversible, reversible heat engines, Carnot cycle, Carnot principles.Entropy: Clasius inequality; Statement, proof, application to areversible cycle. Entropy; definition, a property, change of entropy,principle of increase in entropy, entropy as a quantitative test forirreversibility, calculation of entropy using Tds relations, entropy as acoordinate. Available and unavailable energy.
Pure Substances & Ideal Gases: Mixture of ideal gases and real gases,ideal gas equation, compressibility factor use of charts. P-T and P-Vdiagrams, triple point and critical points. Sub-cooled liquid, Saturatedliquid, mixture of saturated liquid and vapour, saturated vapour andsuperheated vapour states of pure substance with water as example.Enthalpy of change of phase (Latent heat). Dryness fraction (quality), TSand H-S diagrams, representation of various processes on thesediagrams.Thermodynamic relations Maxwells equations, Tds relations, ratio of heat capacities, evaluation ofthermodynamic properties from an equation of state
Gas Cycles: Efficiency of air standard cycles, Carnot, Otto, Dieselcycles, P-V & T-S diagram, calculation of efficiency; Carnot vapourpower cycle, simple Rankine cycle, Analysis and performance ofRankine Cycle, Ideal and practical regenerative Rankine cycles –Reheat and Regenerative Cycles, Binary vapour cycle.