Introduction: Homeostasis, Tissue, Cartilage: The internal environment and homeostasis, survival needs of the body, movement of substances within the body, body fluids, action potential, propagation of action potential, cell-structure and functions. Epithelial tissue- simple epithelium, stratified epithelium, connective tissue- cells of connective tissue, loose connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Dense connective tissue, Lymphoid tissue, Cartilage- Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage.
Nervous System: Functional Components of nervous system, Neurons: Properties of neurons, Cell bodies, Axon and Dendrites, Types of nerves, Synapse and neurotransmitters, neuromuscular junction. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of the brain and CSF. Brain: Cerebrum, functions of cerebrum, functional areas of the cerebrum, Brainstem, Cerebellum, Spinal cord- grey matter, white matter, spinal reflex, Spinal nerves (in brief list & functions), Cranial nerves (in brief list & functions), Autonomic nervous system (in brief)- functions and effects. Pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
Cardiovascular System: Introduction, Blood vessels- Arteries and Arterioles, Veins and Venules, capillaries, control of blood vessel diameter, blood supply- internal respiration, cell nutrition. Heart- position, structure-pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, interior of the heart, flow of blood through the heart, blood supply to heart, Conducting system of the heart, factors affecting heart rate, the Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, blood pressure, control of blood pressure, pulse and factors affecting the pulse rate. Circulation of the blood- pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation- aorta (different parts of aorta & their blood supply, in brief). Summary of the main blood vessels (arteries & veins, explanation with flow diagram only)
Respiratory System: Organs of respiration, Nose and Nasal cavity- position, structure and functions, pharynx - position, structure, functions. Larynx - position, structure and functions. Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli, lungs- position, associated structure, pleura and pleural cavity. Respiration - muscles of respiration, cycle of respiration, variables affecting respiration, lung volumes and capacity
Digestive System: Organs of the digestive system – mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, gastric juice and functions of stomach, small intestine-structure, chemical digestion in small intestine, large intestine - structure, functions of the large intestine. Pancreas and Liver.
Skeletal System: Bone, Types of bone, structure, bone cells, functions of bone. Axial skeleton- skull, sinuses, Fontanelles, vertebral column characteristics of typical vertebra, different parts of vertebral column (parts only), features of vertebral column, movements and functions of vertebral column, sternum, ribs, shoulder girdle and upper limb, pelvic girdle and lower limb.
Muscles and Joints (Study of muscles along with joints): Muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, functions of muscle tissue, muscle tone and fatigue. Types of joint- Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial, characteristics of synovial joints, shoulder joint, elbow joint, radioulnar joint, wrist joint, Hip joint, Knee joint, ankle joint.